Executive Summary
- Many of Japan’s small and mid-cap companies can easily improve their return on equity by using their net cash for share buybacks
- Higher share price performance of companies that disclose improvement plans will nudge more small caps to adopt balance sheet reforms
- The small and mid-cap segment is a prime market for longer term valuation-driven stock pickers; many of them are currently trading below their book value
In the previous article, we stated key factors that will continue to support Japan’s stock market. These include the ongoing corporate reforms, the revamped savings policy which will spur investments, and the fact that Japan remains cheap versus its global peers despite the re-rating. Supportive fiscal and monetary policies and expectations of a reflationary environment have also underpinned the market. As it happens, Japan equities hit another record high in March.
The rally, however, has mostly been driven by large cap stocks. See Fig 1. This is likely the result of index buying by various groups and investors shifting out of China. Japan’s small caps however have not moved in tandem. Globally, small caps have seen muted rises; small caps in the US have also lagged large caps since 20201.
In Japan, the current trade discount of small to large caps is at an extreme level. The last time such extreme widening took place in 2007/08. Subsequently there were 10 years of particularly good performance for small caps. Typically, as seen in the past 30 years, when the valuation cycle widens to this extreme, it tends to snap back.
Fig. 1: Japan’s small caps lag in returns
Source: LSEG Datastream, MSCI indices as of 26 Mar 2024
Small caps are the largest potential beneficiaries of reforms
Unlike the large caps, the momentum has not taken off for Japan’s small to mid-caps (SMIDs). But once it does, it can offer equally attractive returns. We believe the impact of the Tokyo stock exchange (TSE) reforms will be a key trigger to unlock value in the SMIDs. There are far more of them in terms of absolute numbers of companies in the small to mid-cap space compared to large caps. A higher proportion of SMID stocks are trading below book compared to large caps. See Fig 2.
Fig 2: 39% of Japan’s SMIDs trade below book value
Source: Eastspring Investments, Japan large and small to mid-cap stocks data based on Bloomberg, LSEG Datastream, Factset, and J.P. Morgan calculations as of 31 Dec 2023. All yearly values are as of beginning of year.
Hundreds of SMIDs also have solid balance sheets with net cash to market capitalisation as high as 70%. Fig 3 indicates the breakdown in the Russell/Nomura index of the percentage of companies with a net cash position categorised by market capitalisation; 58% of the small caps have net cash on balance sheet compared to 45% in large and mid-caps. Furthermore, the net cash in small cap stocks with net cash is about +18% of their market value. This level of cash facilitates easy share buybacks which in turn will improve the return on equity (ROE).
Fig 3: Higher proportion of small cap companies with net cash
Source: Nomura based on Russell/Nomura index - includes top, large, mid and small cap (ex-financials) as of Mar 2024
TSE’s corporate governance reforms have already nudged multiple large cap companies to act to improve ROE. The share price performance of companies that disclose is higher. See Fig 4. The disparity was even wider in the small cap space. The pressure to disclose is growing. It is a matter of time before the SMIDs follow suit.
Small caps’ attractive valuations, high net cash levels and share price performance disparity versus large caps are key reasons why this group will be the largest potential beneficiaries of the TSE’s initiative. Every day seems to bring new positive news on balance sheet related reform for these companies.
Fig 4: Performance gap between the disclosed and undisclosed group
Source: Refinitiv, UBS. Performance is measured between end-2022 and 18 Mar 2024
Reflationary backdrop favours SMIDs
Investors have also become more optimistic about Japan’s economy on signs of healthy inflation in recent months. The Bank of Japan ended eight years of negative interest rate policy and raised the policy rate to +0.1% in March after the recent annual wage negotiations yielded the biggest pay hikes in 33 years. An inflationary environment means consumers and private sector players with huge cash savings will mobilise those into consumption and investment. In fact, the inflationary cycle favours small caps more so than big caps as more of SMIDs tend to be tied to the domestic economy.
That said, there is a wide and diverse universe of stocks in the SMID cap space. Domestic and export related companies are distributed widely across a range of industries. See Fig 5. As such an investor can enjoy diversification benefits by investing in SMID caps. Ultimately, measures to help companies re-shore manufacturing bases will lift Japan’s economy, spur higher wages, and rekindle domestic consumption.
Fig 5: SMID cap wide and diverse investment universe
Source: Eastspring Investments, as of 31 December 2023. Sector weight for the Russell Nomura Mid-Small Cap, internal classification
Active investing uncovers alpha
The triggers are in place for the SMIDs to rally. To reap the full benefits an active investment approach works best. The SMID space is a prime market for longer-term valuation-driven stock pickers. Although small cap stocks represent approximately 65% of the Japan universe2, they are often under researched. The amount of sell-side analyst coverage is a good proxy for the market’s focus. Within the TOPIX Index, under covered small cap stocks represent almost 57% of the index. See Fig 6.
We repeatedly see cases where smaller companies not only fall out of favour, often for shorter-term thematic reasons, but are also dropped from analyst coverage altogether. This drives mispricing to the sort of extremes where good or improving companies are simply ignored. Given that our investment process relies on exploiting persistent behavioural biases, this is a very good thing for us.
Fig 6: Limited sell-side coverage for SMID cap stocks
Source: Eastspring Investments, Nomura, based on IFIS and MSCI data, as of 1 April 2022. The universe data is based on the MSCI Japan Large Cap Index, MSCI Japan Mid Cap Index and MSCI Japan Small Cap Index. *Represents stocks with 0-1 Analysts covering the stock.
Within the SMID space, we see opportunities in undervalued regional banks and retailers. The former has a big domestic loan book and will benefit as rates edge up. Retailers will benefit as they pass on higher costs to more “cash-rich” consumers. In addition, we see value in stocks that have been sold off indiscriminately due to weak sentiment; these include semiconductor and mobile phone players. Equally we avoid some stocks that are heavily exposed to China i.e., commodity and auto companies.
Our investment process is based on the understanding that the greatest opportunities are likely to be found where the market’s shorter-term preferences and extrapolation have caused a large dislocation between the price and relative value of a company. This approach allows us to invest in companies that are likely beneficiaries ahead of analyst’s recommendations.
Interesting reads
Sources:
1 MSCI US Large Caps and MSCI US Small Caps as of 26 Mar 2024
2 Stocks with a market cap below 100 Bn Yen. Russell/Nomura index as of Mar 2024
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